Showing posts with label jaroslava brychtova. Show all posts
Showing posts with label jaroslava brychtova. Show all posts

Thursday, June 17, 2010

Pratt Fine Arts presents The Brychtova Forum in July


June 2010, Press Release from Grace Meils 
@ Pratt Fine Arts, Seattle: 
The Brychtovà Forum
Women Artists Working in Glass:
Celebrating Innovation and Vision 

Across Generations
July 15 - 18, 2010 in Seattle, WA

The Brychtovà Forum - Women Artists Working in Glass: Celebrating Innovation 
and Vision Across Generations, a four-day series of free lectures, 
panel discussions and events, will be presented from July 15 - 18, 2010. 
A collaborative effort by several prominent organizations involved with 
Seattle's glass community, The Brychtovà Forum was conceived to 
celebrate the rich tradition of women working in glass while also 
recognizing the life and work of one of the most important artists 
in the history of the glass movement.

The Brychtovà Forum includes opening night presentations by 

Ms. Brychtovà and Czech curator Sylva Petrova, followed by 
a reception and special exhibition curated by Sarah Traver at 
Traver Gallery Seattle. Ms. Brychtovà will discuss her ongoing 
work, her lifelong collaboration
with Stanislav Libensky and the 2010 opening of the 
Libensky/Brychtovà Museum in Zelesny Brod.

Panel discussions featuring three generations of leading glass 

artists will be presented at Seattle Art Museum throughout 
the day on Friday and on Saturday morning, all of which will 
be free and open to the public. A curator-led discussion will 
take place on Saturday afternoon, followed by a glassblowing 
demonstration and artist party at Pratt. Seating is limited for 
these events, and tickets will be available on a first-come first-
served basis.  A private closing reception and fundraising 
brunch will be held in honor of Ms.Brychtovà at Dale Chihuly's 
Boathouse on Sunday and guests are encouraged to visit 
Pilchuck Glass School's annual Open House afterward.

During the Brychtovà Forum, artists working in glass will have

the opportunity to participate in a film documentary project 
with the goal of capturing the essence of each individual's 
influences, motivations, inspirations and motivations and 
visions for their work and the future of glass. 
Each participant will be asked a 
set of specific questions and will also have an opportunity to 
include images of their work. Filming will take place on site.

The Forum is free, but participants must register in advance 

as space is limited. Online registration is available at 
www.pratt.org/happenings/forum.html. 

THE BRYCHTOVÀ FORUM SCHEDULE

What:             Jaroslava Brychtovà and Sylva Petrova:  

Opening Address
When:             Thursday, July 15, 2010 at 6pm
Where:            Arnold Board Room, Seattle Art Museum, 

1300 1st Ave., Seattle, WA
Admission:      FREE

What:             Exhibition and Reception 

at the Traver Gallery - Seattle
When:            Thursday, July 15, 2010 at 8pm
Where:           Traver Gallery, 

110 Union St. #200, Seattle, WA
Admission:     FREE

What:            Panel Discussion: Emerging Artists
Including:        Rebecca Chernow, Rachel Moore, April Surgent 

(moderated by Sarah Traver)
When:            Friday, July 16, 2010 from  9 - 10:30am
Where:           Auditorium, Seattle Art Museum, 

1300 1st Ave., Seattle, WA
Admission:     FREE

What:             Panel Discussion: Established Artists
Including:        Shelley Muzylowski Allen, 

Tina Aufiero, Nancy Callan, Jen Elek
                      (moderated by Rock Hushka)
When:            Friday, July 16, 2010 

from 11am - 12:30pm
Where:           Seattle Art Museum, 

1300 1st Ave., Seattle, WA
Admission:     FREE

What:              Jaroslava Brychtovà Documentary Film (2010)
Who:                Open to all participants
When:              Friday, July 16, 2010 from 1 - 1:30pm
Where:             Auditorium, Seattle Art Museum, 

1300 1st Ave., Seattle, WA
Admission:       FREE

What:             Panel Discussion: Master Artists
Including:        Joey Kirkpatrick, Flora Mace, 

Nancy Mee, Ginny Ruffner, Cappy Thompson
                      (moderated by Paula Stokes and Linda Tesner)
When:            Saturday, July 17, 2010 from 9 - 10:30am
Where:           Auditorium, Seattle Art Museum, 

1300 1st Ave., Seattle, WA
Admission:     FREE

What:             Panel Discussion: Curators
Including:        Maria Porges, Margery Aronson, 

TBA (moderated by Sylva Petrova)
When:            Saturday, July 17, 2010 

rom 11am - 12:30pm
Where:           Auditorium, Seattle Art Museum, 

1300 1st Ave., Seattle, WA
Admission:     FREE

WHAT:            Jaroslava Brychtova Documentary Film (2010)
Who:               Open to all participants
When:             Saturday, July, 17, 1 - 1:30pm
Where:            Plestcheeff Auditorium, 

Seattle Art Museum
Admission:      FREE

What:             Glassblowing Demonstration 

and Artist Party
Including:         All participants
When:             Saturday, July 17, 2010 from 6 - 9pm
Where:            Pratt Fine Arts Center, 

1902 S. Main St., Seattle, WA
Admission:      FREE

What:            Fundraising Brunch and Demo at 

Dale Chihuly's Boathouse Studio
Benefiting:      The Libensky/Brychtovà Museum in 

the Czech Republic
Featuring:       Sonja Blomdahl
When:            Sunday, July 18, 2010 from 10am - 12pm
Where:           Dale Chihlhy's Studio, 

509 NE Northlake Way, Seattle, WA
Admission:     $100 Donation

What:            Pilchuck Glass School Open House 
When:            Sunday, July 18, 2010 from 10am - 12pm
Where:           Pilchuck Glass School, 

1201-316th St NW Stanwood, WA
Admission:     $20

Additional information and online registration 

is available at http://www.pratt.org/happenings/forum.html.

Sunday, January 17, 2010

Christian Garbis blogs on the Cafesijan Center for the Arts

Christian Garbis blogs at Notes from Hairenik. Here is his post on a recent visit to the Cafesijan Center for the Arts.

Christian Garbis, 2010:


" ...The museum is quite impressive to say the least. Seven halls comprise the center, one of which is an auditorium where currently jazz concerts are performed. The other rooms are used for display space for artwork and Cafesjian's own collectibles.
..."

Garbis, C. "At the Cafesijan Center for the Arts" January 17, 2010. http://noteshairenik.blogspot.com/2010/01/at-cafesjian-center-for-arts.html

RELATED POSTS:

http://seattleglassonline.blogspot.com/2009/11/libensky-and-brychtova-cafesjian-center.html

Thursday, November 19, 2009

Libensky and Brychtova @ Cafesjian Center for the Arts, Armenia

Gerard L. Cafesjian, an American of Armenian descent, has collected over a hundred pieces by Stanlislav Libensky and Jaroslava Brychtova and has donated them to his Cafesjian Center for the Arts, an avenue of art galleries in Yerevan, Armenia.

Photo Credit: Cafesjian Center for the Arts website
http://www.cmf.am/index.php?al=grand_opening

Photo Credit: "Looking Around a Bit" blog
http://lookingaroundabit.blogspot.com/2007/04/noahs-ark-nuclear-power-and-songs-to.html

2009 Maria Titizian and Gregory Lima:

Excerpt: "Mr. Theuer interjected that when Ms. Brychtová saw her glass artwork for the first time on display in Yerevan in the exhibition hall of the Cafesjian Center for the Arts, there was something different about it. "The light in Yerevan has changed the color of the glass. She has seen the exhibit three or four times already and each time the light has been different," Mr. Theuer said. "It must be the height; this city is like a crescent; depending on what the atmosphere is, the quality of light is changing. Today, for example, it was a very soft light because there was some haze over the city that affected how the light penetrated through the frosted glass and then into the sculpture itself." [...] When the site for the Cafesjian Center for the Arts was dedicated by Catholicos Karekin II, the sculpture Open Window was displayed outside on the grounds. It was May, and during the day it was sunny and warm. The glass would warm up and glow. At night, as the temperatures dropped, it got very cool; so Jaroslav Libenský, the couple's son, would come out with blankets and wrap the sculpture so that it would cool down slowly and not break. "If there are severe weather changes, the work cannot be displayed outdoors," Ms. Brychtová explained."

Titizian, M., Lima, G. "When glass has a mind of it's own. the art of Libensky Brychtova in Yerevan." November 14, 2009. The Armenian Reporter. Accessed November 19, 2009. http://www.reporter.am/index.cfm?furl=/go/article/2009-11-14-when-glass-has-a-mind-of-its-own&pg=2

Tuesday, May 26, 2009

Bonham's Contemporary Glass Auction, May 2009

The Bonhams (first ever) Contemporary and Modern Glass Auction held on May 19, about a week ago, hardly made a splash in the larger world of art news. For this auction, there wasn't much outside interest; most press available online came from the artists in the auction themselves and from the local papers that supported them (see the Selkirk article on Annica Sandstrom and David Kaplan, whose commissioned works did not sell).

It was reported by Bonhams that this auction came on the heels of the 2007 sale of a Brychtova and Libensky which reached a record amount at auction for a glass piece. But what do record prices really mean except that there is someone with that much money to spend, and maybe the article should be about the buyer and not the piece of art, because astronomical prices paid for works of art seem to arouse our interest in the mind and lifestyle of the buyer rather than the art? So why is glass being marketed in this tedious manner? For glass, studio glass especially, this kind of hype is uncalled for, but maybe that is the only hype an auction house knows...and that is what is unfortunate for art in a market run by auction houses. But while the auction house perpetuates the stereotype that art is about money and not expression, it does give anyone the opportunity to bid on a piece of art that they like and want to own, whereas they might not have that opportunity in a gallery or elsewhere.

But who decided that what studio glass needed was to follow the trajectory of other types of contemporary art?
As glass follows the path of other mediums, mainly painting and sculpture, and goes from main stream gallery to auction house, does it lose some of its identity (the hot shop, the performance, the technicality, the years of training to become a master, the history of the factory) to the hegemony of the art market?

I was not surprised that only 54% of the pieces sold. I was surprised that the artists commissioned to submit works did not sell very well, and most sold only one out of two pieces if at all, and those for extremely low prices. This was a grand experiment, however, and more experiments are called for to find out what will work to find appreciative homes for the art and to help artists make a living.

From the Bonhams website:
"On Tuesday 19th May Bonhams, in association with Dan Klein Associates, will be holding its inaugural sale of Modern and Contemporary Glass, the first of its kind in the UK. The decision follows the sale in 2007 of a piece of contemporary glass by Bonhams in New York, a cast glass sculpture by Czech artist Stanislav Libensky, which achieved the world record price of $400,000.

The preview at Bonhams in New Bond Street will coincide with the major contemporary decorative arts event of the year ‘Collect, organised by the Crafts Council and held at the Saatchi Gallery on King’s Road, Chelsea. Prices are expected to range from £500 to £15,000'

Mark Oliver, Bonhams Director of 20th Century Decorative Arts, firmly believes “The sale in May is an exciting first in Britain, and a marvelous opportunity for collectors of post-war glass to secure some key pieces, many of which will be one-off examples produced exclusively for this sale. Our working relationship with Dan Klein Associates coupled with Bonhams’ International network has meant that the profile of the sale is likely to attract many keen bidders from around the world.”

LEADING ARTISTS TO MAKE WORK SPECIFICALLY FOR THE AUCTION

As a special feature of the Bonhams auction eighteen artists, some emerging, some firmly established, have been invited to make work for the auction. The established artists include Alison Kinnaird whose installation is a feature of the Scottish Parliament building and Peter Furlonger, who is known for his exquisite lettering on glass. Among the emerging artists are three recent graduates from the Royal College of Art, Heike Brachlow, Sabrina Cant and Joseph Harrington, all of whom have already exhibited widely.

The body of the sale will include glass dating from 1950 to the present day with work from American and European artists. Among the earliest pieces included in the sale are a rare vase designed by Piero Fornasetti for the Venetian firm of S.A.L.I.R and two experimental Isle of Wight pieces.

“I was first attracted to the whole area of contemporary glass in the mid 1970s”, recalls Dan Klein, of Dan Klein Associates. “Then it seemed different from any glass I had ever seen. It was exciting, innovative and I felt here was the beginning of something new that had great potential for development. I was not alone in my enthusiasm and new ideas in glass spread like wild fire from America to Europe, the Far East and Australia.”

The thirty years between than and now have seen more artistic and technical innovation than perhaps any other area of the arts. Contemporary glass plays a significant role and has earned its place in art history with various museums around the world devoted solely to the medium. As the collecting public becomes more aware of the current state of the art along with its brief but exciting history it is exactly the right moment to hold the first auction in Great Britain devoted to this art form. Mark Oliver’s invitation to Dan Klein Associates to collaborate with Bonhams was enthusiastically accepted and the auction promises to offer a mixture of excellent new and historical work”

Artists began working with glass in a studio as opposed to a factory environment in the 1960s. Since then the impact of artists working in glass worldwide has been nothing short of amazing. Artists such as Stanislav Libensky and Jaroslava Brychtova in the Czech Republic, Dale Chihuly in the United States, Erwin Eisch in Germany and Bertil Vallien in Sweden (all of whose work is included in the sale) are all in major museum collections, with Dale Chihuly’s chandelier extravaganza the centre piece of the entrance to the Victoria & Albert Museum.

The sale will include work by some of Britain’s best-known artists in glass such as David Reekie, Anna Dickinson and Steven Newell. All over Britain from John O’Groats to Land’s End artists have set up studios and the response to their work has been enthusiastic. In Britain The Contemporary Glass Society is a thriving organisation as is the Guild of Glass Engravers. In 2004 The V&A Museum, opened the new Merit Rausing Gallery devoted to international contemporary glass, next door to the older glass gallery. Jennifer Opie, senior curator of Glass & Ceramics at the V&A at the time, wrote in her book ‘Contemporary International glass’ (published to coincide with the opening of the new gallery) “In the last two decades, glass has come of age as a material for a global art form. There is an increasing conviction that it is the material for the future – for art, and for science.”

This is the first collaboration between Dan Klein Associates (Dan Klein and Alan Poole) and Bonhams, although Dan Klein is no stranger to Bonhams, having been International Executive Director of Phillips from 1998-2001 prior to its merger with Bonhams. Dan Klein Associates has been involved in staging major exhibitions including two Venice Glass Biennales ‘Venezia Aperto Vetro’ in 1996 and 1998, 21st Century British Glass in association with Daniel Katz Limited in 2005 and Lucio Bubacco’s extraordinary installation entitled ‘Eternal Temptation’ at SOFA Chicago in 2008."

Bonhams. "World Record Of $400,000 Contemporary Glass At Bonhams Triggers First Modern & Contemporary Glass Sale In Britain" website accessed May 26, 2009. http://www.bonhams.com/cgi-bin/public.sh/pubweb/publicSite.r?Screen=HeadlineDetails&iHeadlineNo=4054

From the Wall Street Journal:
"Bonhams on May 19 will hold an auction of contemporary glass objects. The catalog cover features a vessel formed from threads of bright color, "More Tropical Chaos" (1999), by American artist Toots Zynsky (estimate: £8,000-£10,000). The auction illustrates the enormous variety of the handmade glass market -- from the purely aesthetic to objects that make more of a statement, such as British artist David Reekie's "Mindless Technology" (2003), a group of four helpless-looking glass robots (estimate: £6,000-£7,000)."


Studer, Margaret. "Combining Craftsmanship and Contemporary Design." May 15, 2009. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed May 26, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124231769595420031.html

HERE'S A FEW OF THE AUCTION RESULTS: I've inserted post-auction updates into this Bonhams pre-auction press release in square brackets [-], and I've converted from GBP to USD using the conversion rate of May 26, 2009 of 1 GBP to 1.59541 USD. -ABJ

"Bonhams
in association with Dan Klein Associates is excited to announce the first sale of modern and contemporary glass to take place in the UK on Tuesday 19 May 2009 which will be on view at the same time as ‘Collect’ here in London.

Please find enclosed a complimentary catalogue for the sale, if you would like further information, condition reports or would like to register for the sale please contact one of the department, details below.

The 164 lot sale [of which 54% of works sold during the auction] encompasses works from glass artists worldwide, made between 1950 to the present day including Italian artists and producers include
Lucio Bubacco [Lot 19, goblet, 1995, sold $11,478],
Dino Martens
[Lot 76, sculptural bottle, 1954, not sold. Lot 77, blown glass vase, 1950, sold $3,826],
[Gian Paolo] Martinuzzi [Lot 78, clear sphere on drift wood base, 1985, not sold. Lot 79, clear bowl on drift wood base, 1985, sold $2678. Lot 80 clear panel drift wood base, 1985, not sold],
[Archimede] Seguso [Lot 111, Merletto leaf bowl, 1952, not sold. Lot 113, rare Merletto vase, sold $9,947],
Barovier and Toso [Lot 4, stylized bird form vase, 1950, sold $1,817. Lot 5, Vetro Barbarico, tapered vase, 1950, sold $1,626. Lot 6, vase, 1960, sold $2,104. Lot 7, Lenti vase, 1940, sold $1722. Lot 8, tall vase, 1965, not sold],
Fulvio Bianconi
[Lot 10, rare vase, 1950, not sold. Lot 11, Venini Spicchi vase, 1950, sold $1,626. Lot 12, Venini Spicchi vase, 1950, sold $1,243. Lot 13, Venini Pezzato, 1951, sold $8,034], and
Venini
[of 12 lots under Venini, 9 sold],

as well as other European and Scandanavian works by
Bengt Edenfalk
[Lot 36, Talata vase, 1960, sold $1,913. Lot 37, Iitala vase, 1962, sold $1,339. Lot 38, Talatta vase, 1960, sold $689],
Mieke Groot
[Lot 44, mold blown free formed vase, 1987, not sold. Lot 45, mold blown free form vase, 1987, not sold.],
Jirí Harcuba [Lot 50, rare charger with deer, 1959, sold $4,973. Lot 51, 'Zak' engrave panel, 2008, sold $669],
Klaus Moje
[Lot 85, mosaic bowl, 1989, not sold] and
Stanislav Libensky
[Libensky and Brychtova, Lot 73, large cast glass sculpture 'Queen', sold $17,217], amongst others.


From America there will be works by
Dale Chihuly [Lot 22 (above), soft cylinder, 1992, sold $13,391. Lot 23, sea form, date ?, sold $5,739. Lot 24, sea form 3 piece, 1987, sold $4,975],
Toots Zynsky [Lot 137, "More Tropical Chaos" vessel form, 1999, sold $17,217.],
William Morris [Lot 81, "Stonehenge" sculptural vase, 1984, sold $21,999],
Steven Newell
[Lot 94, glass charger 'King's Counsel', 1985, not sold. Lot 95, 'King's Counsel" series vessel, 1985, sold $2,582],
Sam Herman [Lot 52, vase, 1971, sold $1,052. Lot 53, bowl, 1975, sold $1,913. Lot 54, form, 1979, not sold],
Steve Klein
[Lot 63, kiln-formed sculpture, 1979, not sold] and
Danny Lane
[Lot 69, irregular spun glasses 'Bass n Flute', 1990, not sold].

Alongside Australian glass by
Giles Bettison [Lot 9, murrine vessel, 1996, sold $3,061],
Gerry Kin
g [Lot 65, large steel/glass sculpture "Toledo Blade 65/06", date ?, not sold],
Nick Mount
[Lot 89, 'Female Nude', 1992, not sold],
Brian Hirst
[Lot 61, 'Cycladic Series-Guardian II' blown and cast vessel, 1990, not sold. Lot 62, votive vessel, 1990, not sold] and
Ann Robinson
from New Zealand [Lot 106, cast vessel, 1990, not sold].

As well as pieces by Japanese artists
Etsuko Nishi
[Lot 96, pate-de-verre vessel, 1996, sold $8,608],
Kyohei Fujita [Lot 43, square mold blown box and cover, 1985, sold $5,739],
Naoko Sato
[Lot 112, 'Transisiton' cast and kiln form glass, 1999, sold $1,913] and
Keiko Mukaid
e [Lot 75, vessel form, 1997, not sold].


From the UK there will be amongst others works by
Tessa Clegg [Lot 25, lost wax cast glass vessel form, 1998, sold $4,782. Lot 26 (shown above), lost wax cast glass 'Play box III', sold $5,739. Lot 27, lost wax cast glass form, sold $4,209],
Matthew Curtis
[Lot 29, glass sculpture, 2005, not sold],
David Reekie
[Lot 102, 'Unimpressed' sculpture, 1991, not sold. Lot 103, 'Mindless Technology, figural glass group, 2003, not sold],
Anna Dickinson [Lot 34, vessel, 1999, sold $8,608. Lot 35, vessel, 1992, sold $$8,608 as well],
Patrick Reyntiens O.B.E
[Lot 107, 2 commissioned leaded glass panels, 1989, sold $3,443] and
Richard Morrell [Lot 93, kiln cast sculpture, 1990, sold $8,608].


The sale will culminate with a section of 26 new or recent works by 15 British based artists asked to consign works for the sale by Dan Klein.
They are
Karen Akester
[Lot 138, 'Bug Boy' sculptural figure, 2009, sold $1,434. Lot 139, 'Rocket Boy' sculptural figure, 2009, sold $1,148],
Heike Brachlow
[Lot 140, cast glass sculpture, 2009, not sold. Lot 141, double cast glass sculpture, 2009, sold $5,356],
Sabrina Cant [Lot 142, kiln cast sculpture, 2009, sold $11,478. Lot 143, kiln cast and concrete sculpture, 2009, not sold],
Suresh Dutt
[Lot 144, cast glass and panels, 2006, sold $7,652. Lot 145, cast glass form, 2009, not sold], Fiaz Elson [Lot 146, 2 part sculpture, 2008, sold $9,182. Lot 147, 2 part sculpture, 2006, not sold],
Peter Furlonger
[Lot 148, vessel, 2009, sold $2,009. Lot 149, cast charger, 2009, sold $1,626], Stephen Gilles and Kate Jones [Lot 150, sculptural bowl, 2009, not sold],
Joseph Harrington, [Lot 151, cast glass sculpture, 2009, not sold. Lot 152, cast glass sculpture, 2009, sold $1,339],
Jonathan Harris [Lot 153, cameo vase, 2009, not sold. Lot 154, cameo vase, 2009, not sold],

Alison Kinnaird M.B.E [Lot 158, lit glass panel, 2009, not sold. Lot 159 (with Dante Marioni), engraved glass flask, 2007, sold $1,243],
Karl Harron [Lot 155, glass sculpture, 2009, sold $4,782. Lot 156, glass sculpture, 2009, sold $4,974],
Clare Henshaw
[Lot 157, vessel, 2007, sold $2,678],
Carl Nordbruch [Lot 160, blown glass sculpture, 2009, sold $3,826. Lot 161, blown glass sculptrue, 2009, sold $3,826],
Annica Sandström and David Kaplan [Lot 162, blown glass on metal stand, 2006, not sold. Lot 163, blown glass on metal stand, 2006, not sold] and
Anthony Scala [Lot 164, 3 part sculpture, 2009, sold $13,773]. "

Bonhams. "Modern and Contemporary Glass May 19 New Bond Street". website accessed May 26, 2009. http://www.bonhams.com/cgi-bin/public.sh/pubweb/publicSite.r?sContinent=EUR&screen=Design1860GlassSale

Photos: http://www.bonhams.com/cgi-bin/public.sh/pubweb/publicSite.r

Tuesday, April 21, 2009

Habatat Auction


Sotheby's currently has 7 items that are categorized under both labels of glass and contemporary art. One work by Mona Hatoum called "Drowning Sorrows", edition 2 out of 3, year 2002, which is priced at $80,000-$120,000 is shown above.

One might conclude from all the opinions collected here at ABJ Seattle Glass Online, that contemporary glass is not respected (for good reason) by critics and others who know about art, as well as, say, contemporary painting or bronze sculpting, and this is why it is not often included in major auction houses' catalogues.

However, while the monetary value of glass art suffers for it's exclusion from this major marketplace, other types of value may remain and people may buy glass (at lower prices) for purposes other than investment and social status.

Whether as a result of purposeful exclusion from Christies, Sotheby's and other houses, or simply because it is continuing an annual tradition, Habatat is holding a glass-only auction called "Masterworks: A Contemporary Glass Auction" on April 23, 2009. All 47 items on the auction block are glass, though the making processes vary.

This is Stanislav Libensky's and Jaroslava Brychtova's "Free Through II", dated 1992-2001 (shown above) and estimated at $100,000-$120,000.

You can find the entire Habatat auction catalogue here:
http://www.habatatglass.com/upimages/2009auction/2009_auction_preview.htm
Accessed April 21, 2009.
And the Sotheby's Contemporary Art Day Sale, May 13, 2009, catalogue, here: http://catalogue.sothebys.com/events/N08551
Accessed April 21, 2009.